Nation At Risk Gave Rise To Two Major Education Reform

Nation at Risk gave rise to two major education reform movements; accountability and school choice. Federal government started thinking about testing, and standardization, which resulted in No Child Left Behind (NCLB), and Race to the Top. McGuinn’s No Child Left Behind (NCLB), describes the politics of accountability as setting a standard for teachers, testing students to see if the schools meet the set standards, and then holding the schools and teachers accountable for not achieving those standards by creating consequences. George W. Bush, a Republican made NCBL a nationwide issue. Unions and districts opposed accountability because testing could be grounds for firing teachers and using data to rank schools made schools look bad and†¦show more content†¦M. Freedman’s idea was to apply the free market to the education system and allow the schools to compete for the kids’ business. Unlike accountability, which was watered down after collaborating work w ith unions, charters are rarely unionized. School choice got its impetus from the poor minorities because they wanted better schools, while accountability was supported by businesses. In Milwaukie during 1990s, local leaders mobilized disgruntled parents that were dissatisfied with their education system resulting in the adoption school choice. When accountability was adopted, there was a coalition of support, however choice was opposed on all fronts by the teachers’ unions, NAACP, and Democrats. Unlike accountability adopted nationwide, choice was disproportionately opposed at the state and local level. Reformers where up against teachers’ unions and districts who avidly opposed choice. When opposition could not stop choice, they would try to help created the structure by implementing ceilings/caps, making sure that charters did not get as much money as public schools, and forcing charters to build their own buildings. Unions oppose choice because it creates competition and the current system creates a consistent supply of kids whether the school is good or bad. Choice allows kids to leave bad schools forcing the teachers’ to perform better, and potentially putting teachers’ jobs at risk. The districts opposed choiceShow MoreRelatedEssay on Is Democracy Sustainable in Latin America?1274 Words   |  6 Pagespractices it produced have had a direct impact on all the factors that help sustain democracy. The two main factors in Latin American democracy are the society and the economics. Colonial ideas of fueros, caste systems, and church ideologies during the inquisition, have influenced Latin America socially. Economically Spanish mercantilism has made Latin America dependent on outside resources and has given rise to corruption and a loss of trust in the government. In order to have sustainable democracyRead MoreImpact Of Western Imperialism On China And Japan1652 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation of the Chinese to double. The population increase of the society meant that there was an overcrowding of people in the country developing in economic hardship from rural hunger and landlessness. Industrial and commercial activity was also on the rise, although this industrialization was still based on the traditional Chinese methods of production. This meant that there was a larger preference for agriculture over trade and people wanted heavier taxes to be placed on commerce and manufacturing whileRead MoreThe American Dream1877 Words   |  8 Pagesbeen viewed as one of the cornerstones of the American dream. Nevertheless this American dream has almost exclusively been available to white Americans. However, over the past 25 years this dream has become a reality for more and more Americans as the rise of the subprime mortgage market has allowed the ma jority of Americans to become homeowners. In 2005, at the peak of the housing bubble, 69.2% of Americans seemed to have achieved the American dream of owning their homes. Three years later, the housingRead MoreReport On The Economy Of Kazakhstan Essay3689 Words   |  15 PagesAsia have been transformed over the past decade. High oil and commodity prices have been a key factor in their impressive growth, but growth has also followed post-independence reforms in economic systems. Economic reform in Kazakhstan has been more comprehensive than in some other countries in the region. Underlying reform in Kazakhstan is a desire to integrate more deeply with the global economy and to establish Kazakhstan as a significant player in global markets. With strong fiscal restraint,Read MoreHow Global Economic Environment Is Affecting International Marketers?11351 Words   |  46 Pagesextent that is has been reduced to a Global village. The truth is, we are going through the most severe global financial crisis since the days of Great Depression. Originated in USA, economic recession is affecting all the major players of world economy. Governments and major policy makers of world economy have taken notice of the urgency of the situation and frantic steps are undertaken to stem the rot. At the core of the term ‘recession’, spirals of several financial mistakes are intermingled.Read MoreA Major Threat For Community Health From A Historical Perspective And Evaluate The Various Responses Of Official Organization2345 Words   |  10 PagesReview a major threat to community health from a historical perspective and evaluate the various responses of official organisation in tackling this threat. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacteria called Mycobacterium Tuberculosis, which normally affects the lungs, but it can also affect any part of the body, including the bones and the nervous system. The disease is spread easily through prolonged exposure to someone who has the illness, from their coughs and sneezes. For a healthy individualRead MoreThe Massachusetts Health Care System2396 Words   |  10 Pages This paper focuses on analyzing the Massachusetts health care system. Specifically it addresses how the 2006 health care reform law sought to provide health insurance coverage for the uninsured, underinsured, children, young adults, and low income residents. In addition it diminished the demand side rationing that was occurring in Massachusetts. Its desire was for universal coverage, and would be both reasonably priced and of intrinsic value. The law addressed the need to decrease barriers toRead MoreSocial Development in the Global South Essay1943 Words   |  8 Pagesamong the authors. Even though there is a lack of agreement as to the main determinants of social development in the developing world among the authors, they all agree that, raising the human capital of individuals mainly through investments in education, as well as provision of social insurance, services, and assistance are necessary and important in the fight against poverty and inequality. In this paper, I will focus and analyse the different explanations of social development, offered by HuberRead MoreThe Decline Of The 19th Century The Ottoman Empire1852 Words   |  8 Pagesformer supremacy and its slow and steady deterioration throughout the century was due to multi-faceted, complex and interlinked problems that coalesced, rather than a solitary major issue. This included several compounding external factors ranging from economic stagnation, geographical issues, the rise of other European nations and internal problems such as the weakening of the Sultans authority, lack of social and industrial development, militaristic failings and corruption, abolishment of the devsirmeRead MoreThe Brics4339 Words   |  18 PagesB CHAPTER FOUR THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT OBJECTIVES †¢ To appreciate the importance of the economic analysis of foreign markets †¢ To identify the major dimensions of international economic analysis †¢ To compare and contrast the economic indicators of countries †¢ To profile the characteristics of the types of economic systems †¢ To discuss the idea of economic freedom †¢ To profile the idea, drivers, and constraints of economic transition CHAPTER OVERVIEW When companies source,

“Emerging Trends in Commerce Education to Face the...

Indian Streams Research Journal Volume 2, Issue. 6, July 2012 Available online at www.isrj.net ISSN:-2230-7850 ORIGINAL ARTICLE â€Å"Emerging trends in Commerce Education to face the challenges of dynamic business world† Jitendra Ahirrao1 and Prakash Ratanlal Rodiya2 1 Asoociate Professor, Department of Commerce,Smt. Dankunwar Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Jalna.E-mail: drahirrao@indiatimes.com 2 (M. Com., M. Phil., UGC NET)H. No. 135, Near Vitthal Mandir, Mahada Colony,Mantha Road, Jalna-431203. E-mail: prakashrodiya@rediffmail.com Abstract: Commerce education is business education. Commerce education is that area of education which develops the required knowledge, skills and attitudes for the handling of Trade, Commerce and Industry. The†¦show more content†¦As a result the importance of Commerce education has been increased many folds. Business executives need to update their skills due to sudden changes in the external environment. Due to the increasingly complex nature of organizations and businesses, there is a need that the business schools impart relevant, current, and cutting edge knowledge to the students. The School of commerce should play pivotal role in equipping our future dynamic managers with the emerging trends of Commerce skills to face the challenges of dynamic business world. CONTENTS OF COMMERCE EDUCATION: Commerce offers foundation for many professional careers like Finance, Planning, Accountancy, Tax Practitioners, Banking and Broking etc, besides academics, research, and many mor e. Persons having flair for accounting, finance, commodities, marketing and trading etc. generally choose Commerce. As a stream of study, Commerce can be studied the Higher Secondary level. This paves the way for higher studies in commerce related subjects. The undergraduate and postgraduate Education in Commerce is offered at University departments and colleges spread all across the country. Specializations are offered at post graduate and at research levels. A number of subjects can be studied under disciplines of Commerce in conjugation like; Accountancy, Economics, Mathematics, Business, Finance, Marketing, etc. Most commerce colleges in India offer the following subjects in their curriculum: ?Show MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Electronic Commerce On The Development Of Electronic- Commerce3921 Words   |  16 Pagestechnology and communicative devices, electronic commerce and digital markets has steadily impacted the expansion of information systems, organizations, and society, on a global scale. The discussion of cultural differences as it relates to electronic commerce was identified while analyzing primary factors that markets should take into account. The characteristics and trends of each country examine the utilization of the Internet and electronic commerce. With attempts to compare the United States andRead MoreThe Impact Of Electronic Commerce On The Development Of Electronic- Commerce3784 Words   |  16 Pagestechnology and communicative devices, electronic commerce and digital markets has steadily impacted the expansion of information systems, organizations, and society, on a global scale. The discussion of cultural differences as it relates to electronic comme rce was identified while analyzing primary factors that markets should take into account. The characteristics and trends of each country examine the utilization of the Internet and electronic commerce. With attempts to compare the United States andRead MoreEssay on Case Study: Aquascutum3090 Words   |  13 Pageschanging factors to grow their business and succeed in the marketplace. The marketplace has been dynamic and competition between companies in the same industry has been increasingly intense (Ranchhod, 2004). Having dynamic capabilities contributes to a company’s â€Å"long-term survival or competitive advantage† (Johnson et al., 2008: 84). This is especially essential for rich heritage company, such as Aquascutum. It should not only have strategic capability, but also dynamic capability, which requiresRead MoreStrategic Management Case Study with Analysis2747 Words   |  11 PagesChairman s Message: Today the role of an education is not only to impart knowledge that encompasses the prescribed syllabi of the Institution but that of the world beyond the classroom. It is the role of the education to build and strengthen the character to develop qualities of good leadership that can be employed in the future for the creation of a superior nation. An old Chinese adage â€Å"When planning for a year, plant corn; When planning for a decade; plant trees; When planning for life, educateRead MoreImpact of Globalization on Business and Management Education3765 Words   |  16 PagesImpact of Globalization on Business and Management Education The business sector in India is highly promising in the present scenario. The impact of globalization has changed the business procedure in India in terms of psychology, methodology, technology, mindset work culture etc. Newer challenges, newer opportunities are day-by-day in front of Indian industries, which are profitable and prospective. The fundamental scope of doing business in India is lying with its people. The huge populationRead MoreThe Entrepreneurial Mind-18021 Words   |  73 Pagesof today’s marketplace. They start companies and create jobs at a breathtaking pace. The global economy has been revitalized because of their efforts, and the world now embraces free enterprise as the most significant force for economic development. The passion and drive of entrepreneurs move the world of business forward. They challenge the unknown and continuously create breakthroughs for the future. One anonymous quote sums up the realities for entrepreneurs: â€Å"Anyone [can be an entrepreneur]Read MoreMicro and Macro Environment2339 Words   |  10 Pagesand  services. They are an important link in the company’s overall customer â€Å"value delivery system.† * 1). One consideration is  to watch  supply availability (such as  supply shortages). * 2). Another point of concern  is the monitoring of price trends of key inputs. Rising supply costs must be carefully monitored. c. Marketing Intermediaries Marketing intermediaries are firms that help the company to promote, sell, and distribute its goods to final buyers. * 1).Resellers are distribution channelRead More3. Critically Evaluate the Outside-in Approach to Strategy Formulation.4033 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction In this modern world, Information Technology forms the integral part of any kind of business. In the 21st century, countries across the globe have come to rely on complex computer networks that form the infrastructural backbone of even the most basic necessities of life, including electric power grids, global finance, food distribution, medical care, clean drinking water, petroleum production, and most types of communication. The protection of such networks, known as cyber securityRead MoreRole Of An Employee And Manager Is Trust4543 Words   |  19 Pages(Greatplacetowork.com, n.d.) To gain a better understanding of the Trust Index Survey and the Workplace Culture Assessment I will provide additional detail on each. â€Å"The Trust Index Employee Survey is taken by over 10 million employees around the world annually and measures employee engagement by surveying employee opinions, attitudes and perceptions on the level of trust between colleagues and between management and employee s. Comments are collected from open-ended questions on the employee surveyRead MoreE-Government: Its Characteristics, Practices and Future9632 Words   |  39 Pages1. Introduction The Internet and the World Wide Web have changed our lives in many ways, making it possible to carry out a virtually unlimited number of activities from our home or office. For example, we can find information on camera features and prices before we actually buy a camera. We can communicate with our friends, relatives or other colleagues via e-mail on a virtually instantaneous basis, join a chat group discussing a current social issue such as horrible terrorists’ attacks on America

Spring Morning by John Clare, and Coldness In Love by DH Lawrence Essay Example For Students

Spring Morning by John Clare, and Coldness In Love by DH Lawrence Essay The two poems A Spring Morning and Coldness In Love both have a common theme of love, but talk about vastly different aspects of that one emotion. An obvious contrast is that in A Spring Morning, John Clare talks of the positive aspects of love, and how it feels to be in love, while in Coldness In Love, DH Lawrence talks of the pain that can be experienced by someone who was once in love, but has been cast aside by his lover. Another obvious contrast between the two poems is that they are set in contrasting seasons, as Clares poem is set in spring, hence the title A Spring Morning, while Lawrences poem is set in winter. A clear comparison between the two poems show that they both use pathetic fallacy to reflect the mood, attitude and feelings that they have towards both love, and also what love can do to people. In the poem A Spring Morning, Clare describes the act of falling into love, and how once in it all appears to be perfect. He does not talk of a specific case of falling into love, but talks of the general feelings that one can experience when they are in love. As the poem is generalised, it lacks a definitive story-line, which contrasts with Coldness In Love, which talks of a specific case of someone (most probably Lawrence himself) having difficulties in love, and being cast aside by his lover. A Spring Morning is obviously set in spring, and the imagery used in it describes all of the positive aspects of love, without talking about any of the problems that sometimes occur between lovers. An example of the positive imagery Clare uses to describe the feelings of love are shown in the below quotations: Fresh are new opened flowers, untouched and free From the bold rifling of the amorous bee. I think that the words untouched and free from the above quotation could give a possible motive for why Clare wrote the poem. This motive could be Clare trying to describe the first time that he has fallen in love. This idea is also supported by Clare saying Fresh are new opened flowers, which could talk about girls reaching puberty, and becoming more womanly. Clare also uses some sexual imagery to describe love, and spring, as he uses the words rifling of the amorous bee to describe having sexual intercourse. He also tries to describe spring as being virginal, as he describes the flowers (possibly referring to young women) as untouched and free. The fact that Clare only seems to describe the positive aspects of love could dismay some people from enjoying the poem, as they might find the poem to be too one-sided and also too generalised, as Clare never mentions a specific person who is in love. Coldness In Love contrasts sharply with this, because it talks of a very specific case of someone being in love, and the troubles that they encountered whilst they were (or maybe still are) in love. The poem is extremely negative about the feelings one can experience in love, which again may give the poem a minority appeal of other people who have at one time or another been cast aside by their lover. However, this poem is much more realistic than A Spring Morning, which may appeal to some people as they will appreciate Lawrences honesty in the poem, and feel sympathy for him, as he suffered much pain during the relationship that he described. An example of the negative imagery Lawrence uses to describe how he feels towards love I shown in the quotation below: The sea and the sky went grey, as if they had sunk A flocculent dust on the floor of the world: the festoon Of the sky sagged dusty as spider cloth, And coldness clogged the sea, till it ceased to croon. Lawrences attitude towards love is obviously very negative, as shown by the first line of the above quotation. He talks of how The sea and the sky went grey, which could be referring to love abandoning him, and taking all of the colour, pleasure and meaning out of his life. The above quotation also shows Lawrences negative attitude towards love, as he says that the sky sagged, which again could refer to the meaning being taken out of his life, and what life he has left has slowly started to collapse in on him. Coldness In Love is set in winter, as the season reflects the feelings that Lawrence describes. The cold described in the title is shown by the winter weather, which is always cold. Lawrence describes the feelings that he felt when he parted from his previous lover with a passion, showing that the pain he felt was still very vivid during the writing of the poem. Throughout the poem Lawrence also describes trying to recover his lost lover, but to no avail. The coldness described throughout the poem could show how much Lawrence missed his lover, and how he was not complete without her. This could be so, because the opposite feeling of warmth is associated with being content, and the lack of that warmth could signify his lack of contention now that he is alone. The following quotation shows this clearly: But still to me all evening long you were cold, Egyptian Poetry EssayI also think that the poetic devices that Lawrence has used, especially the deliberate clumsiness allow him to communicate his pain and grief with the reader very well, as it allows the reader to understand what frame of mind he must have been in to write such things. I find that A Spring Morning is too generalised in its references to love, as it does not talk of the love of a person, or animal or anything like that, but just gives a general overview of what love is. I also find that Clare has a far too one-sided view of love, and what people experience when they are in love. This seems far too unrealistic, as nobody has the kind of love that he describes a love that is totally perfect without any compromise or pain. Clare talks about a very traditional love, which could be as he wrote the poem in the early nineteenth century, while Coldness In Love was written in the early twentieth century. Also, I find that Clares poem is far too controlled, which shows that it must have been thoroughly planned and I feel could not reflect his true mood when he was writing it, which contrasts to the way I feel about Lawrences poem. Lawrences poem seems to be very passionate, even though it has some structure to it, such as all of the stanzas being of a certain length (five lines). However, Lawrences poem is punctuated very heavily, which severely disrupts the flow of someone reading it, as the punctuation is not regular, such as a poem that has mainly end-stopping (such as A Spring Morning), but has a combination of punctuation including end-stopping, enjambment and caesuras. I also feel that Coldness In Love is a far more effective poem to read and appreciate, because it has a clear story-line to it, while A Spring Morning doesnt. Clares poem talks about a generalised feeling of being loved or being in love, while Lawrences poem takes the reader on a journey. Coldness In Love talks about how Lawrence immediately felt after losing his lover, and about how he pined to have her back into his life for a period afterwards, before finally being able to move on. The last couple of lines of the poem show that Lawrence was ready to move on, as shown from the following quotation: With cold, like the shell of the moon; and strange it seems That my love can dawn in warmth again, unafraid. The very last word, unafraid helps to give a finality to the poem that even though Lawrence has experienced torment after the end of a relationship, he has dealt with his emotions, and the fact that he is ready to move on after this gives the reader some hope for the future, especially if they have also experienced traumatic relationships themselves. I think that Coldness In Love involves the reader much more deeply then A Spring Morning, as Lawrence communicates his feelings in reference to love much more clearly through his use of language, particularly the heavy, uncontrolled punctuation and harsh alliteration, combined with the specificity of the poem. Lawrences use of poetic devices convey his pain with the readers, which give him a wider appeal, as everyone experiences some degree of grief in their life with reference to the termination of a n important relationship. I think that Coldness In Love is vastly more realistic in the way it describes love in comparison to A Spring Morning, which describes an idyllic love where everything is perfect, which does not appeal to me. It also appears that Clare is somewhat detached from the subject matter he describes in his poem, which gives the poem a lack of sincerity, which is the absolute opposite to Coldness In Love. In Lawrences poem, there is no doubt that the emotions Lawrence describes are what he actually felt when his relationship was terminated, as he describes his feelings in much more detail. The details he gives, and the similes and metaphors that he uses to describe the way he feels give depth to his poem, which make it feel much more sincere. I think that Coldness In Love is a vastly more effective poem than A Spring Morning, as Lawrence communicates more with the reader, due to his detailed descriptions, and clever use of language. His poem seems far more realistic than Clares poem, as it allows the reader to feel real emotions towards the subject matter, while the emotions that Clare describes seem a little too gleeful to allow the reader to involve themselves fully. Coldness In Love has a greater deal of individuality as a poem over A Spring Morning, which describes love in a vague, hazy way, which contrasts with the specificity and detail of Coldness In Love.

Migration Act Human Rights Commission

Questions: (1) Can Billy be deported, considering he has been living in Australia now for more than15 years? Write a letter of advice to Billy explaining the legislation and requirementsin sections 201 and 501 that relate to his circumstances and what his options wouldbe if his sentence was to cause the Minister to consider cancelling his visa anddeporting him.(2) Discuss, with reference to the relevant legislation, on what grounds the Minister may make a personal decision to cancel Billys visa under sections 501, 501A and 501Bof the Migration Act 1958 or set aside an original decision made by the delegate orthe Tribunal. If Billys visa was cancelled by the Minister personally, are there anyavenues of review that he can pursue? Answers: 1. Hello Billy, In this letter, we are addressing the issue related to section 501 and 201 of the Migration Act 1958. These sections are related to deport of non-citizens from Australia in case of any offence committed by non-citizen in Australia. Before giving the advice on the options available to you in case minister exercise his power and cancel your visa under section 201 and 501, it is necessary that we understand the section and facts of the case. Billy you are holding the citizenship of New Zealand, and arrived in Australia on a special visa that is subclass 444 when he was of aged 21. You are living in Australia for more than 15 years, and now aged 36. While returning from the pub you hit four teenagers who were returning from the party, which result in death of three teenagers, and fourth one was badly injured. You are placed in the police custody on the basis of the charge that is dangerous driving causing death. At the same time, your neighbor Sally Fields file complaint that you are molesting her daughter Emily, who is just 13 years old. At trial, judge found that you are molesting the Emily from 2010, when she was just 7 years old. You argued that you love Emily and wants to marry her, but judge was not convinced with this argument. Judge imposed 5 year imprisonment. Matters related to Deportation of non-citizens from Australia are fall under two sections that is Section 201 and 501 of the Migration Act 1958[1]. Section 201 of Migration Act 1958 states[2], that any person who is a non-citizen in Australia, and has been convicted for any offence committed in Australia can deport from Australia if such person was living in Australia for less than 10 years. it must also be noted that it is necessary for the application of this section that At the time of commitment of the crime, the convicted person must be non-citizen, who had been residing in Australia as a permanent resident for the period of less than 10 years and for that time of durations which if added together would be less than 10 years. In this case, it is clearly stated that you are living in Australia for more than 10 years. Therefore, it is clear that section 201 does not apply on you Billy. You are not the citizen of Australia, and you holds the citizenship of New Zealand. You lives in Australia as an exempt non-citizen and holds the visa of special category. According to Clause (b) of section 201 states that any person who holds the citizenship of New-Zealand, and who had been residing in Australia as an exempt non-citizen or who holds the visa of special category for the period of less than 10 years. For the purpose of this section the offence is described under Clause (c) of section 201 which states that offence in which person was sentenced to death or imprisonment for life or for period which is not less than 1 year and in this case Billy was sentenced to imprisonment for five years. Note: Section 200 of Migration Act 1958 applied to that person who falls under section 201 of Migration Act 1958. From the above discussion it is clear that section 201 apply on person who lives in Australia for less than 10 years. There this section is not applied on you because you are living in Australia for more than 15 years. Now, we look in Section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 which states[3] that Minister or Delegates cancel or refuse the Visa of the person on the grounds of character of person. Sub clause (1) and (2) of section 501 states[4] that minister may refuse to grant the visa or cancel the visa of the person who does not satisfy the minister that he passes the character test which is specified in subsection (6) of the Section 501 of Migration Act 1958, and the minister is satisfied that the refusal of visa or cancellation of visa is in the interest of Australia. In the present case, you commits the offence which was mention in the sub clause (6) (e) of section 501 that is commitment of sexual assault with child. In this you sexually harass the Emily from 2010 when she was just 7 years old. In this section person was deport from Australia, and minister can cancel the visa if he satisfied that person fail the character test because of the following reasons: Any person who has substantial criminal record that is mention under subsection 7, or any person who was convicted of an offence that was committed when such person was in immigration detention, or during the period when person is escaped from immigration detention, or after person is escaped from immigration detention but before he was taken back into immigration detention. For the purpose of this section substantial criminal record means[5]: Any person who sentenced to death. Any person who has been sentenced to imprisonment of life. Any person who sentenced to imprisonment for year or more. In this case, you holds substantial criminal record, because you were sentenced to imprisonment for the term 5 years. Therefore, minister can cancel the visa and deport you from Australia. When any court in Australia or in foreign country convicted any person for offences related to sexual assault with child, or found any person guilty for sexual assault with child and charge was proved against the person for sexual assault with child. This section is applied even if the person was discharged. From the abovementioned discussion it is clear that any person who is involving in child assault can deport from Australia. Minister can take decision to cancel and refusal of visa of the person who was guilty under section 501(6) of the Migration Act 1958, no matter how long person live in Australia[6]. Advice: We can file appeal against the order of the DIBP in AAT, because any order made by DIBP can be reviewed only by AAT. No, other option is available to, except file appeal against the decision of DIBP to AAT. According to section 500 of the Migration Act 1958 any person whose visa is refused or cancelled by minister under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 can make application to the Administrative Appeals Tribunal for the review of the decision[7]. It is important to note that decision made by DIBP can be reviewed by AAT; any decision made by minister personally cannot be reviewed by making application to AAT. Minister also has power to set aside any decision made by the DIBP or Administrative Appeals Tribunal, and cancel the visa of the person. 2. Before stating the grounds on the basis of which minister can make a personal decision to cancel the Billy visa under sections 501, 501A and 501B of the Migration Act 1958 or set aside an original decision made by the delegate or the Tribunal, it is necessary that we understand the meaning of section 501A and 501B. Section 501A of the Migration Act 1958 states[8]: This section applies when the delegate of the Minister or the Administrative Appeals Tribunal makes the decision which is known as original decision, of not exercising their power which is provided under section 501(1) and 501(2) to refuse or cancel the visa respectively. In case of non applicability of natural justice the minister may set aside the original decision and refuse to grant the visa or cancel the visa that has been granted to the person if minister doubts that person does not clarify character test and minister believes that such refusal or cancellation is in national interest. According to subsection (5) and (6) of this section power stated under subsection (2) and (3) of this section can only be exercised by the minister personally, and minister is not under any obligation to exercise the power defined under subsection (2) and (3) against the original decision[9]. Section 501B of the Migration Act 1958 states[10]: This section applies when the delegate of the Minister or makes the decision which is known as original decision under section 501(1) and (2), to refuse to grant the visa or cancel the granted visa of any person. Minister can refuse or cancel the visa if he suspects or found that person does not pass the character test defined under section 501(6) of the Migration Act 1958, or the person is not able to satisfy the minister that he passes the character test, or minister believes that refusal or cancellation is in the national interest. Clause (3) of section 501B of the Migration Act 1958 states that power under subsection (2) of 501B of the Migration Act 1958 can be exercised by minister personally. Clause (3) of section 501B of the Migration Act 1958 states that minister has power to set aside the original decision made under subsection (2) of 501B of the Migration Act 1958, even in case when such original decision is the subject of application under review by AAT. Subsection (4) of Section 501 of the migration act states that power mention under subsection 501(3) can be exercised by minister personally. Grounds on which minister can cancel Billys visa, these grounds are used by minister personally. These grounds are generally defined in four categories: Substantial criminal record which is specified under subsection (7) of 501 of the Migration Act 1958: Any person who sentenced to death. Any person who has been sentenced to imprisonment of life. Any person who sentenced to imprisonment for year or more. In this Billy was sentenced to imprisonment for 5years which proves that he has substantial criminal record. Any person who is associated with criminal conduct: Any person who failed in the character test and associated with any other person or group, on which minister has reasonably that such person or group is involved in any criminal conduct. Billy was failed in the character test, because he has the substantial criminal record and he was involved in the offence of dangerous driving and child sexual harassment. Any person who is not of good character on the basis of his past and present conduct or general conduct: Billy was already convicted for the offence of dangerous driving and sexual assault involving a child, after looking in the past conduct it is possible that minister can cancel the visa of Billy. Any person whose future conduct is risky[11]: Any person who is involved under criminal conduct. Harass, molest, intimidate or stalk any other person Any person who represent the danger to society and community of Australia. In this minister can assume that Billy is dangerous for society after looking the crime history of Billy. If DIBP or minister found that person fails the character test or engaged in any type of ground stated above, then visa of such person is automatically cancelled. Review of decision is depending on whether the decision is made by the DIBP or Minister. Any decision made by DIBP can be review by making application to the AAT, but decision made by the minister personally cannot be reviewed by AAT or any other authority. When decision is made by DIBP, AAT has power to review the decision on the grounds whether decision is correct or preferable or not. AAT has power to affirm or revoke the original decision. In cases when AAT make decision not to cancel the persons visa and then minister has power to cancel the persons visa by set aside the decision made by the AAT. Minister also has power to set aside the original decision of DIBP and cancel the visa of the person. Minister also has power to substitute the original decision with his own decision. Minister can do this even the person made the application to review the decision made by DIBP to AAT. So it is clear from the above that any decision made by the minister cannot be review by AAT, but any decision made by the DIBP can be reviewed by making application to AAT[12]. Yes, Billy can file appeal against the decision made by minister under judicial review. It must be noted, any decision made by DIBP or minister under section 501 of the Migration Act 1958 to refuse or cancel the visa of the person can be reviewed under judicial review either by Federal Court or the High Court of Australia[13]. Bibliography Legislation Migration Act 1958 Migration Act1958, s 201 Migration Act 1958 s501 Migration Act 1958 s501A. Migration Act 1958 s501B. Websites Parliament of Australia. Chapter 9 - Removal and deportation. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Legal_and_Constitutional_Affairs/Completed%20inquiries/2004-07/migration/report/c09. Australian Human Rights Commission. Background paper: Human rights issues raised by visa refusal or cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/background-paper-human-rights-issues-raised-visa-refusal-or-cancellation-under-sectio-1. Australian Government: DIBP. Fact Sheet - The Character Requirement. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.border.gov.au/about/corporate/information/fact-sheets/79character. Migration Act 1958 s 500 Federal Register of Legiislation. Migration Act 1958. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2015C00344. Human Rights Commission. 2009. Background Paper: Immigration detention and visa cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4a2e35462.pdf. Australian Human Rights Commission. Background paper: Human rights issues raised by visa refusal or cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/background-paper-human-rights-issues-raised-visa-refusal-or-cancellation-under-sectio-4. Australian Human Rights Commission. Background paper: Immigration detention and visa cancellation under section 501 of the Migration Act. Accessed on 16th October 2016. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4ec3a6052.pdf.